Female vocalization itself is rare to begin with, and has only been reported for a handful of species. To date, there is no evidence for vocal signatures for anuran females. Vocal signatures have also been shown for males of several anuran species. tormota exhibit individual-specific call characteristics which enable them to discriminate strangers from neighbors acoustically. A goal of the present study was to test this hypothesis. In light of the structural similarities of the vocal folds in the two sexes, we posit that females might have the capacity to emit calls containing NLP. Similarly, females also possess complex vocal folds, albeit their vocal folds are bigger and more massive. tormota, the vocal folds are structurally complex and the complexity is believed to contribute to the occurrence of NLP.
NLP has never been shown in female vocalizations for any anuran species. As the vocalization data set used to derive these characterizations were very limited, it is unclear whether the depictions can be generalized to all females. Further, they call infrequently, and their vocal signals do not exhibit NLP and have higher fundamental frequency compared to male's vocalizations. Females have been shown to also emit courtship calls during the reproductive season and their vocal signals were reportedly to be distinct from those of the male counterparts. Their vocal signals are diverse and complex, displaying multiple higher harmonics that extend well into the ultrasonic range and prominent nonlinear phenomena (NLP), such as subharmonics, deterministic chaos, frequency jump, and biphonation.
#PENGUIN AUDIO METER TORRENT TORRENT#
Male concave-eared torrent frogs ( Odorrana tormota) represent one of two anuran species known to communicate by ultrasounds. The funder had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.įunding: This work was funded by grants from the National Natural Sciences Foundation (China) to F.Z (NSFC grants 31640073) and the Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources (No 591601).
Received: SeptemAccepted: MaPublished: March 30, 2017Ĭopyright: © 2017 Zhang et al. PLoS ONE 12(3):Įditor: Gianni Pavan, University of Pavia, ITALY Presence of signatures in both the male and female vocalizations opens up the possibility for males (and females) to distinguish individual frogs in both sexes acoustically, and thus their sound communication ability may be more advanced than previously thought.Ĭitation: Zhang F, Zhao J, Feng AS (2017) Vocalizations of female frogs contain nonlinear characteristics and individual signatures. This represents the first report ever showing that vocalizations of female anurans: 1. Similar to males, female vocalizations carry individual signatures, and all sound parameters analyzed differ significantly between individuals.
Furthermore, females in captivity tend to call in bouts throughout the day and night, and the call rate varies hourly with a maximum of >10 calls per minute matching the maximum call rate in males. We recorded 671 calls from six captive gravid females and found that their vocalizations are as complex as male calls, with numerous calls exhibiting complex upward/downward frequency modulations, and 39% of female calls containing at least one component of the NLP, i.e., subharmonics, deterministic chaos, frequency jump, or biphonation. may contain individual signatures, similar to their male counterparts. The present study was undertaken to test the hypotheses that their vocalizations: 1. However, with females emitting calls so infrequently that this conclusion must be considered tentative in light of the limited supporting data. In contrast to males, female’s vocal signals show no evidence of nonlinear phenomena (NLP). tormota have been reported to emit moderate-level calls to attract males. Female vocalization is rare and has been observed in a handful of species, including the concave-eared torrent frog ( Odorrana tormota). Anuran vocalization is sexually dimorphic, with males doing the bulk of vocalizing.
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